Biological And Environmental Factors Associated With Autism

What causes Autism? An overview of biological and environmental factors associated with Autism (ASD) Myia Hewison University of Sunderland PSY246 9th November 2014 Word count 1242 What causes Autism? An overview of biological and environmental factors associated with Autism (ASD) Autism, otherwise known as autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) has developed significantly over the past few years. There has been much research carried out since its discovery over sixty years ago (Wolff, Narayan Moyes, 1988), it is now described as a complex syndrome affecting the central nervous system and a developmental disorder that stems from a neurological disorder affecting normal brain function (Volkmar, 2007). This essay will examine both the biological and environmental factors believed to cause ASD, while considering some of the major theories surrounding the condition. ASD is identified by three distinguishing primary impairments in language, social skills and behavioural flexibility, which are referred to as the Triad of Impairments (Happe’ Ronald, 2009). Additionally, the primary characteristics that define ASD are often accompanied by various other features such as; learning disabilities, self-injury, aggression, repetition, ritualistic eating, drinking or sleeping behaviours and a compelling need for routine (Happe’ Ronald, 2009). Diagnosis is often carried out using the Autism Spectrum Quotient or AQ (Baron-Cohen, 2006) and it consists of a fifty itemShow MoreRelatedSoar Research Paper: Theories Of Autism. Autism Is Known1454 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of Autism Autism is known as a profound neural development disorder marked by an inability to communicate and interact with others. In many families, there appears to be a pattern of autism or related disabilities, further supporting the theory that the disorder has a genetic basis. (Autism and Neurodevelopment) While no one gene has been identified as causing autism, researchers are searching for irregular segments of genetic code that children with autism may have inherited. Autism symptomsRead MoreThe Link Between Autism And Autism1580 Words   |  7 Pagesof autism over the years. For example, the main cause was assumed by some to be bad parenting. Today, however, there is general agreement that the symptoms of autism, with the exception of those of abandoned children, are a behavioral response by young children to an organic disease affecting their brains. In fact, it is now generally understood that autism is a complex developmental syndrome representing a heterogeneous group of dis orders with similar symptoms, but with different biological etiologiesRead MoreThe Neurodevelopmental Disorders ( Asd )1693 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is newly classified as such; it was once classified as â€Å"Asperger’s Syndrome.† ASD is a severe neurodevelopmental impairment. The disorder limits the functioning capabilities of children and their capacity to communicate asRead MoreIs Autism a Primarily Genetic Disease?1448 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstood. Given the recent boom in imaging technology and other diagnostic methods, it is now possible to see more clearly into the scope of neurological development and accurately determine the etiology of these diseases. One of such disorders is A utism; a multifactorial condition impairing normal brain development. It affects many aspects of development, including social behavior, cognitive ability and communication skills1 and is commonly diagnosed in children before the age of three1. The symptomsRead MoreEffects Of Air Pollution Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesNia Wilson The effects of Air pollution Environmental pollution is the key concern for the humanity. It does not have any borders each member of our planet is affected by its devastating effects. Air pollution is the main factor contributing to general environmental problems. It is the emission of particulates, harmful materials, and biological molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere and is caused by both human and natural factors. The effects of air pollution are shocking. It causes numerous diseasesRead MoreA Research Study On Autistic Spectrum Disorder802 Words   |  4 Pagesof ASD dates back to the year 1908 when the word autism was first used to describe a subset of withdrawn schizophrenic patients. The word autism was then used again in 1943 when American child psychiatrist Leo Kanner, M.D., published a paper called â€Å"Autistic Disturbance of Affective Contact† describing eleven socially isolated children who displayed the same desire for sameness and aloneness describing their condition as early infa ntile autism (Autism Speaks, 2013). A year later German scientist namedRead MoreEtiological Theories Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1964 Words   |  8 Pages Etiological Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Literature Nova Southeastern University Abstract Within the last twenty years, the amount of empirical research regarding the possible cause(s) and risk factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased (Lai et al., 2014). According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ASD is currently identified in approximately 1 out of 68 children living in the United States, comparedRead MoreUnderlying Causes Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1882 Words   |  8 PagesUnderlying Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder Ariel Robinson Biology 4800-Fall 2016 Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of significant impairments in social interactions and communication, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM-5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as having a range of symptoms with varying severity, hence the term â€Å"spectrum†.2 Figure 1 shows a representation of the symptoms and sub-types of disorders that are characterizedRead MorePsychology Based Movie Review : What s Eating Gilbert Grape1646 Words   |  7 Pagesautistic brother, Arnie. Arnie is played by Leonardo DiCaprio, and for the purpose of this assignment, will be the focus of this analysis. Arnie exhibits behavioral abnormalities early on in the film. Particularly, he appears to exhibit symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. He displays persistent deficits in social communication, and social interaction. For example, the movie depicts Arnie as just turning 18, but his language skills seem to be fairly underdeveloped for an individual of this age. HisRead MoreThe Learning Theory Of Action1472 Words   |  6 Pageshave a response because it is associated with another stimulus that already gets a response from the individual. Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning, is a form of learning that is conditioned to respond in either a positive or negative way depending on the consequences that are produced by either positive or negative reinforcement. The learning theory is used in almost all aspects of the education system and in my paper I will talk about learning with autism and particularly the effects

Essay about Life Struggle on Minimum Wage - 693 Words

Life Struggle on Minimum Wage nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sometimes life isn’t always as easy as getting a job, making money and paying you bills. In her fascinating book on extended essays Nickel and Dimed, Barbara Ehrenreich poses as an unskilled worker to show the struggles encountered everyday by Americans attempting to live on minimum wage, â€Å"matching income to expenses as the truly poor attempting to do everyday.† (6) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ehrenreich gave herself three rules she had to live by and they were: 1. She could not use her education or professional skills to land a job, 2. She had to take the highest paying job offered and do her best to hold it and 3. She had to take the cheapest accommodations available with an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"There is not vindication in this exit, no fuck-you surge of relief, just an over-whelming dank sense of failure pressing down on me.† (48) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Maine she works in a care home on the weekends and a cleaning maid service throughout the week. She finds out that her work as a maid is so hard that her health begins to fail and she is revolted when a friend working with her struggles on, despite serious illness and pregnancy. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Minnesota the author finds herself within the giant multinational Wal-Mart, working as a shop assistant. Where everything is very intimidating and overly done, all the way down to the orientation. â€Å"For sheer grandeur, scale, and intimidation value, I doubt if any corporate orientation exceeds that of Wal-Mart.† (143) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ehrenriech in her evaluation of her experiences states: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"What surprised and offended me most about low-wage workplace (and nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;yes, here all my middle-class privilege is on full display) was the extent to which nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;one is required to surrender one’s basic civil rights and – what boilsShow MoreRelatedThe Working Poors Impossibility of Survival Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesemployers must abide by the minimum wage policy which states that they must not pay their employees a wage below the set minimum wage. It is often believed that it serves as a protection for the citizens. 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Money is what helps us survive and acquire our necessities of life. Most children are instilled with the thought that going to school, getting a good education, and obtaining a good job would guarantee success and happiness; although everyone does not have that privilege, and may end up with lower paying jobs. Almost anyone can get a job at a fast food restaurant, clothing store, or any general jobRead MoreReview Of Bill Moyers s Two American Families 1110 Words   |  5 PagesIn Two American Families, a documentary film which produced by Bill Moyers, it follows the two middle class families in Milwaukie, one black and one white, for over a decade as they struggle to achieve the â€Å"American Dream†. This documentary reveals the struggle of some American families who work hard and follow the social order in the society, but have fallen as a victim in a struggling economy to a series of policy decisions made. The hand of policy ineffectively steered the lives of the two families

One Hundred Years Of Solitude (1610 words) Essay Example For Students

One Hundred Years Of Solitude (1610 words) Essay One Hundred Years of Solitude Since the beginning of time, man has clung to the notion that there exists some external force that determines his destiny. InGrecian times, the epic poet Hesoid wrote of a triumvirate of mythological Fates that supposedly gave to men at birth evil andgood to have. In other words, these three granted man his destiny. Clotho spun the thread of life, Lacheis distributed the lots, and Atropos with his abhorred shears would cut the thread at death(Hamilton-43). All efforts to avoid the Fates were in vain. In every case their sentence would eventually be delivered. And it appears that once the Fates ballot had been cast, the characters in Greek myths had no chance for redemption. One must wonder if man, like the Greeks portrayed, has any real choice in determining how he lives. That issue of choice arises when comparing Gabriel Marquezs One Hundred Years of Solitude and Yasunari Kawabatas Thousand Cranes. The men in Yasunari Kawabatas Thousand Cranes and Gabriel GarciaMarquezs One Hundred Years of Solitude forever seem to be repeating the lives of their male ancestors. These cycles reveal that man as a being, just like the mythological heros, has no true choice in the ultimate course his life will take. The male characters personal development is overshadowed by the identity of their ancestors. Clotho, it appears, has recycled some of her spinning thread. The new male generations, superficially, are perceived to be woven of like design. Kikuji Mitani and the male Buendias face communities that remember their ancestors. As a result, their unique communities inadvertently compare the actions of the sons to their respective fathers, having recognized the apparent similarities. Eclipsed by his fathers aura, within his village, Kikujis identity has no separate definition. To most townsfolk, like those at Chikakos tea ceremony, Kikuji exists as Old Mr. Mitanis son(16). He and his father are therefore viewed as essentially the same person. Kikuji can take noaction to change the villages preformed perception. In contrast, The Aurelianos and Jose Arcadios have been set into a self that their name, not their upbringing, dictate. Ursula, after many years drew some conclusions about the insistent repetition of names(106) within the Buendia family. While the eldest Jose Arcadio Buendia was slightly crazy, his raw maleness is transferred to all the Jose Arcadios that follow. They tended to be impulsive and enterprising though marked with a tragic sign(186). On the other hand, the Aurelianos, corresponding to the open-eyed Colonel, seem to be indifferent(15) and withdrawn(186) yet sparked with a fearlesscuriosity(15). The Aurelianos tendency towards solitude that shut the Colonel away in his later years, would generations later, give his distant descendant Aureliano Babilonia the stamina to decipher Melquiades scriptures(422). Together, this perfunctory family tradition seemed to influence the course these mens lives would take in the same way that Kikujis perception by his community lopped him into the path of his father. And just as Kikuji could not change the villages preformed opinions, the named Buendia males can have no hand in changing their given characters. The mens selection of lovers, in turn, continues to perpetuate their cycle of behavior shared with their relatives. Despite warnings, Kikuji Mitani and the Buendia men engage in hazardous sexual activity that harbors grave consequences. Lacheis lots, in this case, are inevitable. Choice and independent action are impossible for these men since Lacheis has distributed the familial key to their female attractions. There is an eerie twist in Kikujis Mitanis love affairs with his fathers mistress and her daughter. His first encounter with Mrs. Ota leaves Kikuji suspicious of the affair where agewise, Mrs. Ota was at least forty-five , some twenty years older than Kikuji(28). .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 , .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 .postImageUrl , .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 , .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67:hover , .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67:visited , .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67:active { border:0!important; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67:active , .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67 .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u469e869e5e2d6e7a78ea3a5dec387e67:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free College Admissionss: Social Work Will A Essay However, despite the generation gap, during their encounter Kikuji had felt that he had a woman younger than he in his arms(28). Mrs. Ota had substituted Kikuji as his father, thus forcing Kikuji to follow in his fathers footsteps. Kikuji is not oblivious to the strange path his love life seems to be taking, yet he does nothing to resist. Instead, a defiant Kikuji asserting that he had not been seduced determines, it was something else that had drawn him to her. The something else was generational fate stepping in to turn the cycle, overriding Kikujis notion to choose. Later, when Kikuji takes Fumiko, this patterned love affair cycles once again. He is doing the same thing as his father had done before him, but with the next generation. Though Kikuji does not feel guilt about the association (93), he cannot explain why he chose Fumiko over a near perfect Inamura girl. In the Buendia family, too, sexual relationships provide evidence for a continuing predestined cycle. Only in One Hundred Years of Solitude, these relations exist in the form of incest. From the beginning of the novel the Buendia family is aware of the dangers of interbreeding. A preoccupied Ursula is apprehensious about consummating her love with Jose Arcadio Buendia because of the family legend of the an incestual Pigs tail(20). Nevertheless, she abandonsher fears of a mutant offspring under the heavy persuasion of Jose Arcadio Buendia, and succumbs to the marriage. In the years to follow, the pattern of incest continues when Jose Arcadio sleeps with Pilar Ternera(30-31). Jose and Pilar are not related through blood, but Jose Arcadio had come to look at Pilar as a comforting mother. In that scope, the phenomenon becomes based on a sense of safety that rests in the family not just on lust. Once again, their relationship becomes incestuous. With nearly every incestuous love fair that comes to front the Buendias thereafter, the woman warns of the curse but the manpresses on. And for one hundred years, though time and time again characters commit the sin of incest, the Buendia curse is not fulfilled. In the end ,however, when Amaranta Ursula and Aureliano unknowingly unite, they reenact the fated Buendia curse of years before. Born to them is a child with the tail of a pig(417). The pattern of the Buendias incestual choice is so uncanny and so repetitive that like Kikujis reliving of his fathers life, it becomes evident that the phenomenon is far more than a simplecoincidence. Kawabata and Marquez are distributing the males these lots to show how small the individuals role is in determining his fate. Though the men make various attempts to stray from fates path, their efforts prove futile as their struggles always bring them back to where they began. When Atropos decides to snip away at their livelihoods, their valiant efforts to outwit and avoid are no match for their chosen fate. Nevertheless, at one point or another both Kikuji and the Buendia men naively attempt to override their fate. While not always a conscious effort, their futile divergence always results in failure, reaffirming the strength of their predestination. Being an inert character, Kikuji often times fails to take action. Thus, his rebellion is manifested in thoughts of disagreement. Chikako is a constant source of unpleasantness for Kikuji. He is disgusted with himself for having let her take some control of his life. Yet Kikuji, like his father, cannot seem to rid himself of the intrusive Chikako. In response to the neuters meddling, Kikuji takes slanderous shots behind her back. He complains to Mrs. Ota of Chikakos Poison(30), but refuses to confront her. Thus he cannot get her out of his life and his fated oppression is continued. Kikujis thoughts of divergence take hold again when he realizes there is something wrong becoming involved with Fumiko. With her he is tormented, conscious of Fumikos mother, Mrs. Ota,(132) but through his inaction, Kikuji lets himself be pulled into another devastating relationship that ultimately ends in the suicide of his newfound love. .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a , .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a .postImageUrl , .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a , .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a:hover , .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a:visited , .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a:active { border:0!important; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a:active , .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud34879502690e9104535f85b643c836a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Virtual Reality - What it is and How it Works Essay His thoughts symbolized his divergence, yet his inert tendencies keep him on the course life had laid. In One Hundred Years of Solitude, Amaranta Ursula and Aureliano went beyond assuming tradition by investigating if they were in anyway related. In doing this, they made a conscious effort far superior than any Buendia before them to examine their relationship and prevent the incest. Indeed, they knew the danger associated with incest, so they tried to avoid it. Their efforts, of course, proved in vain. Their inquiry remained superficial as they accept(ed) the version of the basket(415). Aureliano Babilonia was trying to spare themselvesone terror(415) but ultimately exchanged it for the true destruction that fate would bring. The couple had the chance to further probe, but stopped short and took the easy route of fates guidance. Thiscomfortable path led them to the final deliverance. Their fate is fulfilled when a child with a tale of a pig is born unto them. Theirhorror is comparative to Kikuji when he learns of Fumikos suicide and finds himself left only with the despised Chikako. The quest for the most meaningful life had been swiftly cut for these males despite their ardent objections. The modern world may not believe in the Grecian Fates, but that doesnt destroy the value of their underlying theme. The Fates were an attempt by men to explain the unexplainable, the coincidences in the odd. In One Hundred Years of Solitude and Thousand Cranes there are many events that cant be explained rationally, specifically why the male characters continue to repeat actions that promise condemnation. Thus, the characters efforts to shape his destiny ultimately becomes futile in the face of the desires of some unknown manipulator- characterized by the theme of Fate.